Assessment for learning strategies are not new in the education world, but they still have an important role to play in the classroom. Assessment for learning is key to effective learning and teaching.
First gaining popularity in the 1990s, researchers, including Paul Black and Dylan Wiliam, highlighted the benefits of the use of assessment strategies for learning, as opposed to summative assessment used as assessment of learning.
In this blog we will be exploring assessment for learning strategies by establishing what they are; why they are used; the impact they have on learning and practical advice on successful implementation in the classroom.
Assessment for learning strategies are the range of strategies that teachers draw upon to assess learning within their teaching practice. These strategies aim to gather data on a students’ current level of understanding and any misconceptions. Teachers then use this information to adjust their teaching strategies, give feedback or even re-teach to ultimately drive the learning forward.
Adopting a range of approaches is key to ensuring assessment for learning (AFL) is successful and has the desired impact within the classroom. Assessment for learning examples include:
In this blog, we will look at each of these types of asessment and provide you with some examples for how you can incorporate each of them into your everyday classroom practice to support your teaching.
Assessment for learning is a key component of the teaching and learning process. Utilizing a range of strategies provides teachers with the information necessary to determine where the children are in their learning at any given moment and to identify any gaps which may prevent them progressing and moving forward.
AFL also enables children to take an active role in their own learning. With a greater understanding of the aims, children can understand what is needed to achieve success and are able to play a role in moving their learning forward.
If these assessment checks aren’t made, then teachers and students will not have an accurate picture and understanding of where they are or what they need to do in order to progress further.
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Several researchers have found that adopting a range of assessment for learning strategies can have a significant impact on the learner.
Black and Wiliam published their review of assessment practices in their 1998 publication, Inside the Black Box: Raising Standards Through Classroom Assessment. Through this research, they investigated what was happening in classrooms and discovered that students who learn in a formative way achieve much better results than those who do not.
John Hattie ranked feedback strategies 10th out of 150 factors that bring about significant improvements in learner outcomes, particularly if the strategies involved feedback about the learner’s own work.
There are six key assessment for learning strategies. Here, we focus on what these are and provide some examples for how each strategy can be incorporated into everyday learning within the classroom:
With direct observation, the teacher observes small groups or pairs of children working on a task. It can be implemented at any point during the lesson.This form of assessment requires no direct participation from the students who continue the lesson and task as normal, often unaware they are in fact carrying out an assessment activity.
An example of this form of assessment is starting a math lesson with a challenge, with no prior teaching. This is the perfect opportunity to observe what students already know and how they are able to apply their previous learning to cope with a new situation.
At Third Space Learning, our one to one online math tuition programme is designed to include an introductory slide to be used as an assessment point at the start of a session. This helps tutors to draw out the existing level of understanding from a student so that they can adapt the lesson to best support progress. It ensures that valuable tutoring time is spent on the concepts and ideas that are going to make a real impact on student outcomes.
Questioning can be an effective assessment tool in a teacher’s armory when it is used well. However, the Assessment Reform Group (ARG) found that questions used by teachers were sometimes not challenging enough.
Questions need to encourage children to think critically and share their ideas, as opposed to always writing them down.
Examples of questioning:
For AFL to be effective and have an impact, teachers need to be doing more than simply observing and asking questions.
The information the teacher gathers during this stage needs to be used well to identify where the learners are, any misconceptions they have and the next steps they may need to take. Effective feedback is key to ensuring that assessment for learning strategies actually have an impact on student understanding and learning outcomes.
There are two main types of feedback:
Descriptive feedback provides children with more detailed and useful information than evaluative feedback. It contains specific information on what they have done correctly, but also how to improve their learning.
Research has found the impact of descriptive feedback to be greater than simply marking answers right or wrong. This form of feedback has been found to be beneficial as it clarifies learning criteria and highlights the steps a student needs to make to work towards this.
One example of this form of feedback is when teachers provide feedback to children in the format of two stars and a wish. However, this doesn’t need to be written and doesn’t need to be time consuming. Consider implementing whole class feedback to reduce workload and ensure feedback is helpful.
Self evaluation and self-assessment strategies are important for ensuring AFL is impactful, as with these, children have greater involvement with their own learning and learning tasks, while also promoting their metacognition (the ability to think about their thinking) and building their collaborative learning skills.
Self-assessment examples include:
Peer assessment is a useful form of AFL as children often are more accepting of observations about their work when made by a peer, compared to when made by a teacher. The language used by their peers can make it more accessible to them. This is obviously reliant on there not being conflict and students working well together.
Peer assessment examples include:
There is a common misconception that formative assessment is made up of quizzes and polls, while summative assessments are exams and tests. But it is important to note that it is not the form of the assessment that makes it either formative or summative, but instead is how the feedback is used.
This means that traditionally formative assessments can be reworked to be used formatively.
For assessment for learning to have an impact, a range of strategies need to be incorporated. The use of these strategies should be embedded in teaching practice across the school and not as an add-on.
If teachers are only carrying out half of the assessment for learning process, for example, capturing and recording information gathered from assessment but not utilizing it to improve student learning, then it is meaningless and has been reduced to a checkbox exercise.
To drive learning forward, teachers need to be using the information gathered effectively to ensure the progress of all students.
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The content in this article was originally written by former primary school Deputy Head Teacher, Emma Johnson and has since been revised and adapted for US schools by elementary math teacher Christi Kulesza.
