Please note that this guide is based on the AP Stylebook, last updated June 1, 2022.
This guide does not include everything contained in the stylebook. Rather, it aims to cover the most salient points and provide details of AP Style’s approach to key editorial issues.
The following should be used as additional authorities to AP Style:
Webster’s New World College Dictionary (use the first spelling listed unless AP Style specifies otherwise).
New York Stock Exchange, Nasdaq or the Securities and Exchange Commission for formal company names. Use Co., Inc., Ltd., Corp. after the name as appropriate.
It wouldn’t be practical to list all the punctuation rules here. Instead, we’ve included those AP Style punctuation rules that might go against common practice.
Note that AP Style values consistency, so you can often determine what to do in a given situation by following related rules.
Otherwise, use standard U.S. English practice unless the client has requested another dialect.
See also Quotations in the Style section of this guide.
AP Style doesn’t say much about references/citations. The following are some notes about the mention of creative works in text.
See also Third-party Sources in the Style section of this guide.
Here are some (perhaps) non-standard approaches to spelling, capitalization and form found in AP Style. Only those that differ from Webster’s Dictionary (or do not clearly appear in it) are included here.
(If we’ve missed any out, please let us know!)
Tip: To confirm whether the first word in a Webster’s entry is capitalized, scroll down to look at the “other word forms” in the dictionary entry.
20-something | checkout (n. and adj.) | esports | M.D. |
24/7 | child care | Ferris wheel | Medfly |
401(k) | chipmaker | former Soviet republic(s) | mpox |
A-list | climate change | G20 | Myspace |
ad-lib | coffee maker | G7 | offline |
aka | copyright (n., v. and adj.) | global warming | one person, one vote (n.) |
all right | copyrighted (v., p.t.) | Hajj | one-person, one-vote (adj.) |
anti-abortion | COVID-19 | half dollar | policymaker |
anti-labor | D-Day | half size | Presidents Day |
anti-social | data processing (n. and adj.) | half-dozen | street-wise |
antisemitism | daylight saving time | half-mile | trans-Atlantic |
antispyware | Diners Club | halftrack | trans-Pacific |
blastoff (n. and adj.) | distance learning (n. and adj.) | hand-washing | U.S. Marshals Service |
Blu-ray Disc | drive-thru | hertz | v-chip |
Bosnia-Herzegovina | drugmaker | ice age | V-E Day |
breakdown (n. and adj.) | E. coli | internet | V-J Day |
bull’s-eye | Ebola | Internet of Things | vice [role] (two words, e.g., vice president) |
cellphone | editor-in-chief | K-9 |
Here is a list of terms for which AP Style has stated a preference. Note that:
Preferred Term | Avoid/*Do Not Use* | Comments |
---|---|---|
Child prostitute | This implies consent; minors cannot legally consent. | |
Controversial | Overused; avoid if the issue is evidently controversial. | |
[Various terms depending on the nature of the crime] | Cyberattack | Cyberattack should only be used to describe nefarious computer-related activities that cause significant physical damage or significant/wide-ranging disruption. |
Definitely | Overused; avoid. | |
*Gyp* | ||
Incident | Don’t use this as a vague euphemism for e.g., shootings; be more specific. | |
IP address | Avoid; if it’s necessary to use it, then provide a brief definition if it seems required. | |
Photoshopped | Don’t use this as a verb. | |
Tasered | Don’t use this as a verb. | |
Actor | Actress | Don’t use the female-gendered term. |
Animal welfare | Animal rights | |
Anti-abortion, abortion-rights | *Pro-life*, *pro-choice* or *pro-abortion* | |
As if | As though | |
Caregiver | Caretaker | For when taking care of another person. |
Celsius | Centigrade | |
Chatbot | ChatGPT | That is, don’t use “ChatGPT” to refer to all AI chatbots. |
Child sexual abuse images | *Child pornography* | |
Cleft lip | *Harelip* | |
Collision, crash | Accident | When negligence has been proven, don’t call something an accident. |
Companion, lover | Mistress | Mistress is out-dated and offensive. |
Coup | Coup d’etat | |
Cross-dresser | Transvestite | |
Czar | Tsar | Except to describe the historical ruler of Russia. |
Czechia, the Czech Republic | *Czechoslovakia* | Unless in a historical context. |
Death, die | Passed on/away | Avoid euphemisms. |
Demolished | Partially demolished, totally demolished | Avoid contradiction/tautology. |
Developing nations | Third World countries | |
Different from | *Different than* | |
Dissociate | *Disassociate* | |
Doesn’t have children | *Child-free*, *childless* | |
Drug combination, drugs | *Cocktail of drugs* | |
Drugs | Narcotics | |
Drunken driver | Drunk driver | “Drunken” (adj.) used before nouns. |
Entered, typed | Input (v.) | In the sense of entering data into a computer. |
Fabric fastener | Velcro | |
Female student | Coed | |
First-year student | Freshman | |
Forcible expulsion of a population | Ethnic cleansing | Unless “ethnic cleansing” is put in inverted commas and explained. |
Former | Ex- | E.g., ex-President/former president. |
Four-wheel drive | 4x4 | Unless part of a vehicle name. |
Hero | Heroine | Avoid gendering the term. |
High blood pressure | Hypertension | |
Hodgkin lymphoma | Hodgkin’s disease | |
Host | Hostess | Avoid gendering the term. |
Human-made, artificial | Man-made | Avoid gendering the term. |
Humanity, human beings | Mankind | Avoid gendering the term. |
Hydrogen bomb | H-bomb | |
Injuries/deaths | Casualties | |
Inquire, inquiry | Enquire, enquiry | |
Inuit | Eskimo | Unless personal preference/paired with a group’s ethnic name, e.g., Inupiat Eskimos. |
Jihadi(s) | Jihadist(s) | |
Left, right | Port, starboard | |
Lend (v.) | Loan (v.) | |
Magnitude | Richter | The Richter scale is no longer widely used to describe earthquakes. |
Mail carrier | Mailman | Avoid gendering the term. |
Maintenance hole | Manhole | Avoid gendering the term. |
Man | Male (n.) | In most instances, “male” should not be used as a noun unless used to describe animals other than humans. |
Many *** people | The *** community | Avoid the homogenizing effect of “community” where possible/appropriate. |
Member of congress | Congressperson | Congressman and congresswoman are also acceptable in the right context. |
No symptoms, without symptoms | Asymptomatic | |
Non-disabled | Able-bodied | |
OK | *Okay* | |
Older adult/person/people | Senior citizens, *the elderly*, seniors | |
People who do not believe/agree that *** is responsible for climate change | Climate change deniers/skeptics/doubters | Provide specific information about the individuals’ beliefs. |
People who oppose vaccines | Anti-vaxxer | Be specific about the person or group’s position. |
Police officer | Cop | |
Police officer | Policeman/woman | Avoid gendering the term. |
Privacy laws restricting release of medical information | HIPAA | |
Quran | Koran | Unless there is a stated preference. |
Real estate agent | Realtor | |
Regardless | Irregardless | |
Roadside bomb | IED | |
Romani/Roma | Gypsy | |
Said | Claimed | When the intention is simply to report what someone has said, not to cast doubt or present an alternative point of view. |
Salesperson, sales associate etc. | Salesman/woman | Avoid gendering the term. |
Search | Manhunt | Avoid gendering the term. |
Server | Waiter/waitress | Avoid gendering the term. |
Singer, songwriter | Songstress | Avoid gendering the term. |
Spongy moth | Gypsy moth | Acknowledge recent name change (2022) in the text. |
Submarine | U-boat | Unless specifically referring to a WWI or II German submarine. |
Teenage | Teen-aged | |
Text message | SMS | |
The eleventh hour | The 11th hour | |
Transgender | Transsexual | |
variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease | Mad cow disease | To describe the disease affecting people; mad cow disease only affects cows. The word “variant” is needed in this context. |
Woman (female, n.) | Female (n.) | In most instances, “female” should not be used as a noun unless used to describe animals other than humans. See also Inclusive Language in the Usage section for issues with gender identity. |
General
Exceptions
911 (emergency number)
app (application)
AT&T (company name)
ATM (automated teller machine
c.o.d. (cash on delivery)
CBD (cannabidiol)
CD (compact disc)
CIA (Central Intelligence Agency)
DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
dpa (Deutsche Presse-Agentur GmbH)
DVD (digital versatile disc),
E. coli (Escherichia coli)
f.o.b. (free on board)
FAQ (frequently asked questions)
FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation)
FM (frequency modulation)
GPA (grade point average)
GPS (global positioning system)
HDMI (high-definition multimedia interface)
IBM (company name)
Interpol (International Criminal Police Organization)
IQ (intelligence quotient)
IRS (Internal Revenue Service)
IT (Information Technology; don’t spell out in technical articles)
IV (intravenous line)
JPG/JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group)
LED (light-emitting diode)
mpg (miles per gallon; use with a figure, e.g., 40 mpg)
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
MRSA (methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus)
NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)
NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration)
NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization)
NBC (National Broadcasting Company)
OB-GYN (obstetrician gynecologist)
OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries)
PC (personal computer)
PDA (personal digital assistant)
PDF (portable document format)
PT (patrol torpedo) boat
PTA (parent–teacher association)
Q&A (questions and answers)
R&B (rhythm and blues)
radar (radio detection and ranging)
ROM (read-only memory)
ROTC (Reserve Officers’ Training Corps)
rpm (revolutions per minute; use in auto magazines etc.),
S&P 500 (Standard & Poors 500)
SAT (Scholastic Aptitude Test)
SST (supersonic transport)
SWAT (special weapons and tactics)
Tass (tactical air-to-surface system)
THC (tetrahydrocannabinol)
TNT (trinitrotoluene)
TV (television)
U.K. (United Kingdom)
U.S. (United States)
UFO (unidentified flying object)
UHF (ultra-high frequency)
UNESCO (United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization)
UNICEF (United Nations Children’s Fund)
UPS (United Parcel Service) Inc.
URL (uniform resource locator)
USB (universal serial bus)
USO (united service organizations)
USS (United States ship)
VHF (very high frequency)
VIP (very important person)
Wi-Fi (wireless fidelity)
XML (extensible markup language)
ZIP (zone improvement plan) code
Scientific Names
Academic Titles
Courses and Departments
Qualifications
General
The Arts and Architecture
Business
Military
Geography
Governance and Legislation
AP Style datelines are a specific device used by journalists to indicate the location and date of a news story. They appear at the top of articles and take the form detailed below.
Examples
General
Dates/Times
Temperatures
Currencies
Measurements
Miscellaneous
General
Disabilities
Gender
Race
Titles
Names